Networking Fundamentals Chapter 1
Networking Fundamentals Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
Networking Fundamentals
This chapter provides an overview of basic networking concepts, including network architecture, design, and project management.
Introduction to Networking Fundamentals
Networking History and Evolution
Overview
This manual focuses on server-based networks as the standard form of organizational networking. However, it should be noted that other types of networks are also used for message exchange between users. The earliest form of electronic networking for the purpose of message transfer was the local telephone exchange, which has evolved to become a carrier network providing transport services for both voice and data traffic on a global scale. Data networks designed exclusively for computing environments followed the introduction of business computing in the 1950s. Prior to that time, computers were used mostly for research and national defense purposes.
Milestones in the history of data networking include:
- 1960s—The first large-scale commercial computer network is created for an airline reservation application. Also, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) successfully links computers developed by different manufacturers, forming what is later described as the origin of today’s Internet.
- 1970s—A networking technology for minicomputers called Ethernet is developed.
- 1980s—The increase in the number of stand-alone desktop microcomputers within organizations encourages widespread adoption of local area networks (LANs).
- 1990s—Web-based Internet resources are introduced on a global scale.
- 2000s—Improved mobile/wireless devices and networks provide the means to connect to an organizational network from nearly any location in the world. The advances in computing and communications technologies, and the decline in costs, have made it possible to provide each user with multiple fixed or mobile processing devices (e.g., desktop, laptop, handheld, and home computers). Each of these devices is independently capable of storing data and connecting to an organizational network, a home network, or the Internet. This is in contrast to earlier times, when all users had to share the processing and storage capabilities of a single centralized computer using desktop terminals. The evolution in computing can therefore be described as a migration from centralized to decentralized or distributed, with networks used to interconnect various types of computing and storage devices.
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