كشفت دراسة حديثة لباحثين في جامعة هلسنكي في فنلندا قدرة النمل على علاج نفسه عند إصابته بأحد الفطريات القاتلة، والمثير أن العلاج يتم بمادة سامة بالنسبة للنمل في الأحوال الطبيعية، في أول حالة مثبتة بين الحشرات.
وأقام الباحثون تجاربهم على نوع من النمل يسمى “فورميكا فوسكا”، وتحديدا على مجموعتين منه، الأولى معافاة وخالية من أي أمراض، والأخرى مصابة بفطر قاتل للنمل يدعى “Beauveria bassiana”، وفقا لمجلة نيوساينتست.
وأوضحت التجارب أن هذا النوع من النمل يفضل تناول طعام مشبع بـ ” فوق أكسيد الهيدروجين”، وهي المادة السامة أساسا للنمل، ولكن عند مرضه يستعين بها للقضاء على الفطر.
وكشفت الدراسة بالدليل أن النمل لا يتناول “فوق أكسيد الهيدروجين” عند تمتعه بصحة كاملة، ولكنه عند الإصابة الأمر يختلف لأنه يساعد على تقليل معدل الوفيات بنسبة تصل إلى 15%.
لكن الدراسة لم توضح كيفية معرفة النمل بمرضه وطبيعته، وأيضا كيفية معرفة العلاج الأمثل للحالة، وهو ما دفع علماء للمطالبة بوضع نتائج الدراسة تحت المزيد من الاختبارات والتحليل.
المصدر:وكالات
دراسة-النمل يعالج نفسه بطريقة مذهلة
لكن الدراسة لم توضح كيفية معرفة النمل بمرضه وطبيعته، وأيضا كيفية معرفة العلاج الأمثل للحالة، وهو ما دفع علماء للمطالبة بوضع نتائج الدراسة تحت المزيد من الاختبارات والتحليل.
Subnetting is the process of dividing an IP network in to sub divisions called subnets. Computers belonging to a sub network have a common group of most-significant bits in their IP addresses. So, this would break the IP address in to two parts (logically), as the network prefix and the rest field. Supernetting is the process of combining several sub networks, which have a common Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) routing prefix. Suppernetting is also called route aggregation or route summarization.
What is Subnetting?
Process of dividing an IP network in to sub divisions is called subnetting. Subnetting divides an IP address in to two parts as the network (or routing prefix) and the rest field (which is used to identify a specific host). CIDR notation is used to write a routing prefix. This notation uses a slash (/) to separate the network starting address and the length of the network prefix (in bits). For example, in IPv4, 192.60.128.0/22 indicates that 22 bits are allocated for the network prefix and the remaining 10 bits are reserved for the host address. In addition, routing prefix can also be represented using the subnet mask. 255.255.252.0 (11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000) is the subnet mask for 192.60.128.0/22. Separating the network portion and the subnet portion of an IP address is done by performing a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask. This would result in identifying the network prefix and the host identifier.
What is Supernetting?
Supernetting is the process of combining several IP networks with a common network prefix. Supernetting was introduced as a solution to the problem of increasing size in routing tables. Supernetting also simplifies the routing process. For example, the subnetworks 192.60.2.0/24 and 192.60.3.0/24 can be combined in to the supernetwork denoted by 192.60.2.0/23. In the supernet, the first 23 bits are the network part of the address and the other 9 bits are used as the host identifier. So, one address will represent several small networks and this would reduce the number of entries that should be included in the routing table. Typically, supernetting is used for class C IP addresses (addresses beginning with 192 to 223 in decimal), and most of the routing protocols support supernetting. Examples of such protocols are Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). But, protocols such as Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) do not support supernetting.
What is the Difference between Subnetting and Supernetting?
Subnetting is the process of dividing an IP network in to sub divisions called subnets whereas, Supernetting is the process of combining several IP networks with a common network prefix. Supernetting will reduce the number of entries in a routing table and also will simplify the routing process. In subnetting, host ID bits (for IP addresses from a single network ID) are borrowed to be used as a subnet ID, while in supernetting, bits from the network ID are borrowed to be used as the host ID.
Any OSx86 installation guide can seem daunting at first glance, especially when trying to remember cryptic terminal commands and sorting through volumes of misinformation on the web. This guide requires no coding, terminal work, or Mac experience of any kind. You will not need access to a Mac. In fact, it’s easier and faster for me to install Snow Leopard with fully working components on my system than it is to install Windows 7. And more fun.
The iBoot + MultiBeast method is designed and tested for any desktop or laptop running the latest line of Intel processors, the Core i3/i5/i7s. I have had reports of success with older machines as well including CoreDuo, Core2Duo, and even Pentium 4. However, AMD processors are not supported. YOU WILL NEED
Patience and humility- it may not work out perfectly the first time- but with enough tenacity and grit, you’ll reach the promised land. It’s easy to get frustrated, but don’t give up! There are a community of users with similar hardware in the tonymacx86 Forum to provide support if you get stuck.
BEFORE YOU BEGIN
Use only 1 graphics card in the 1st PCIe slot with 1 monitor plugged in.
Remove any hard drives besides the blank drive being used for OS X.
Remove any USB peripherals besides keyboard and mouse.
Remove any PCI cards besides graphics- they may not be Mac compatible.
It’s best to use an empty hard drive– you will have to partition and format the drive.
Always back up any of your important data.
STEP 1: BIOS SETTINGS You will need to set your BIOS to ACHI mode and your Boot Priority to boot from CD-ROM first. This is the most important step, and one many people overlook. Make sure your bios settings match these. It’s not difficult- the only thing I did on my Gigabyte board besides setting Boot Priority to CD/DVD first was set Optimized Defaults, change SATA to AHCI mode, and set HPET to 64-bit mode.
STEP 2: INSTALL MAC OS X In order to boot the Mac OS X Retail DVD, you’ll need to download and burniBoot. For desktops and laptops using unsupported Intel CPUs and graphics, a legacy version of iBoot can be downloaded here. If you have an Ivy Bridge or Haswell system, you can’t use the default iBoot. Use iBoot Ivy Bridge or iBoot Haswell.
When you see the screen below, press enter to begin the boot process
When you get to the installation screen, open Utilities/Disk Utility. NOTE: If you cannot get to the installation screen, retry from Step 4, type PCIRootUID=1 before hitting enter. If that doesn’t work then try PCIRootUID=1 -x or just -x which will enter Mac OS X Safe Mode and will allow you to proceed. For some graphics cards, use GraphicsEnabler=No boot flag to proceed.
Partition your hard drive to GUID Partition Table
Format your hard drive to Mac OS Extended (Journaled). NOTE: The bootloader can only boot from a disk or partition of 1 TB or less. Partition larger drives.
For the purposes of this guide, name it Snow Leopard. You can rename it later.
Close Disk Utility
When the installer asks you where to install, choose Snow Leopard
Choose Customize‚ and uncheck additional options. This will hasten the install process. You can always install this stuff later.
Restart computer.
Place iBoot back in drive.
When you get to the boot selection screen, choose your new Snow Leopard installation.
Open MultiBeast– don’t run it yet, just leave it open. Set up windows as shown.
Mount MacOSXUpdCombo10.6.8.dmg
Install MacOSXUpdCombo10.6.8.pkg
Upon completion, the installer will ask you to reboot. DO NOT REBOOT.
Switch to the already open MultiBeast. If it closes, just re-open it.
STEP 4: MULTIBEAST
MultiBeast is an all-in-one post-installation tool designed to enable boot from hard drive, and install support for Audio, Network, and Graphics. It contains two different complete post-installation solutions: EasyBeast and UserDSDT. In addition it includes System Utilities to rebuild caches and repair permissions and a collection of drivers, boot loaders, boot time config files and handy software.
Choose one of the following options directly following a fresh installation and update:
EasyBeast is a DSDT-free solution for any Core/Core2/Core i system. It installs all of the essentials to allow your system to boot from the hard drive. Audio, Graphics and Network will have to be enabled separately.
UserDSDT is a bare-minimum solution for those who have their own pre-edited DSDT. Place your DSDT.aml on the desktop before install. Audio, Graphics and Network will have to be enabled separately. HINT: Check the DSDT Database for a pre-edited DSDT.
Run MultiBeast.
If you have a custom DSDT that’s been edited, place the file on your desktop and choose UserDSDT.
All others select EasyBeast
Select System Utilities.
Optionally, you may install further drivers via Advanced Options to enable ethernet, sound, graphics, etc… Be sure to read the documentation provided about each installation option. NOTE:EasyBeast, and UserDSDT install the bootloader by default, so you’ll not need to check that option.
Install to Snow Leopard– it should take about 4 minutes to run scripts.
Eject iBoot.
Reboot- from your new Snow Leopard installation drive.
If your drive doesn’t boot on its own, and you get an error referencing boot0, fix it using the methods listed here.
Congratulations! You’re done!!
Your PC is now fully operational, while running the latest version of Mac OS X Snow Leopard! And you have a nice Boot CD to get into your system in case things go awry. Boot your system from iBoot if you have issues. You may run MultiBeast as often as you like.
If you can’t boot, try typing -x at the boot prompt to enter safe mode, or just boot with iBoot. When you get to the desktop, you can make all of the changes you need to. The best way to start fresh is delete whatever you’re trying to get rid of- including the whole /Extra folder, as most kexts are installed there. Then you can re-run MultiBeast. As long as you rebuild caches and repair permissions after you’re done, you can do just about anything you want to /Extra/Extensions and /System/Library/Extensions. Anything can be tweaked and enabled upon subsequent uses of MultiBeast.
If you’ve had success using iBoot + MultiBeast, consider a contribution to help keep the sites going. We’re constantly updating and tweaking our tools to help you.
The following guide is a complete walkthrough for installing a fresh version of OS X Yosemite. It requires no experience and all of the necessary installation and post-installation tools are available on tonymacx86.com.
UniBeast is a tool that creates a bootable installer out of your downloaded version of OS X. In order to start fresh, you’ll need access to a functional computer running Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.8 or later. This is a requirement, as you need access to the Mac App Store to download OS X and create the installation drive. To start from scratch, booting the 10.6 Snow Leopard Retail DVD directly, check out iBoot + MultiBeast.
1. Register here at tonymacx86! If you don’t have a user account, create one! 2. Get our latest MultiBeast and UniBeast tools from the downloads section. 3. Purchase a 8GB or larger USB drive. 4. Do a full backup of your system
The following guide is meant as a fresh installation method. To perform an update from OS X Mavericks to OS X Yosemite, saving system settings, data, and apps follow this guide.
STEP 1: Download OS X Yosemite
The full operating system is a free download for anyone who has purchased Mac OS X Snow Leopard, Lion, or Mountain Lion, or a Mac preloaded with Mavericks. Download the Application from the Mac App Store using your Apple ID on any Mac or functional computer running Mac OS X 10.6.8 or later.
Open Mac App Store
Log in with your Apple ID
Download OS X Yosemite
The Application Install OS X Yosemite will appear in /Applications.
STEP 2: Create a Bootable USB Drive with UniBeastTake a deep breath and take your time- this is pretty simple, but it’s easy to miss things if you rush. Follow each step to the letter.
Insert the USB drive
Open /Applications/Utilities/Disk Utility
Highlight the USB drive in left column
4. Click on the Partition tab 5. Click Current and choose 1 Partition
6. Click Options… 7. Choose Master Boot Record
8. Under Name: type USB (You can rename it later)
9. Under Format: choose Mac OS Extended (Journaled) 10. Click Apply then Partition
11. Download and run UniBeast 12. Click Continue, Continue, Continue, Agree
13. At Destination Select, choose USB and click Continue
14. Choose Yosemite on the Select OS Installation screen 15. Click Continue
16. If using a 5 or 6 Series system with AWARD BIOS choose Legacy USB Support 17. If using a laptop, choose Laptop Support 18. Click Continue
19. Enter password and click Install
UniBeast will now create the bootable USB drive. The process will only take about 10-15 minutes, depending on system and drive speed. Do not unplug or stop during this time.
20. Drag MultiBeast to your completed USB drive.
STEP 3: Recommended BIOS Settings
If you’re installing on a recommended CustoMac desktop with AMI UEFI BIOS, the options are simple. For other systems make sure to set your BIOS to Optimized Defaults, and your hard drive to AHCI mode. Here are standard AMI UEFI BIOS settings for Gigabyte AMI UEFI BIOS,Gigabyte AWARD BIOS, ASUS AMI UEFI BIOS, and MSI AMI UEFI BIOS.
To access BIOS/UEFI Setup, press and hold Delete on a USB Keyboard while the system is booting up
Load Optimized Defaults
If your CPU supports VT-d, disable it
If your system has CFG-Lock, disable it
If your system has Secure Boot Mode, disable it
Set OS Type to Other OS
Save and exit.
STEP 4: Install OS X YosemiteYou’re almost done! All you need to do is boot from the USB drive and install!
Turn on the computer
Press the hotkey to choose boot device (usually F12 or F8)
Choose USB-HDD
At the Chimera Boot Screen, choose USB and hitEnter
If you have trouble reaching the installer, type -x at the Boot screen as shown below. You can type the boot flags GraphicsEnabler=Yes, PCIRootUID=1, maxmem=4096, maxmem=8192, andnpci=0x2000 by themselves or together in order to solve boot issues for older graphics cards and machines. Type -v to bypass the Apple boot screen and enter verbose startup mode. X58 and X79 systems always need npci=0x2000. For further explanations of boot flags, check out the post here. Also, if you need help with what to use for your graphics card, see the post here.
5. When you arrive at the Installer, choose language.
6. For a new installation of OS X, you MUST erase and format the destination drive according to the following steps before continuing.
a. In the top menu bar choose Utilities, and open Disk Utility
b. Highlight your target hard drive for the Yosemite installation in left column. c. Click Partition tab d. Click Current and choose 1 Partition e. Click Options… f. Choose GUID Partition Method g. Under Name: type Yosemite (You can rename it later) h. Under Format: choose Mac OS Extended (Journaled) i. Click Apply then Partition j. Close Disk Utility
7. When the installer asks you where to install, choose Yosemite, or your existing install. 8. Upon completion, restart the system.
STEP 5: Post-Installation Using MultiBeastMultiBeast is an all-in-one post-installation tool designed to enable boot from hard drive, and install support for Audio, Network, and Graphics. In addition it includes System Utilities to repair permissions and a collection of drivers and config files. The installation is complete, but the drive isn’t bootable yet. Boot from the USB again, this time choosing Yosemite.
1. Turn on the computer 2. Press the hotkey to choose boot device 3. Choose USB-HDD 4. At the Chimera Boot Screen, choose your new Yosemite installation. 5. Complete OS X Yosemite setup
7. If this is a fresh installation, click Quick Start to choose EasyBeast, UserDSDT, or DSDT-Free.For 7/8/9 series recommended builds choose DSDT-Free.
8. Click Drivers for Audio, Graphics, and Network options
9. Click Customize for further options
10. Click Print or Save to back up your configuration 11. Click Build then Install
12. Restart computer to complete installation
Yay! You now have a fully updated bootable version of OS X Yosemite on your CustoMac! And a super handy USB rescue drive. It’s easy to get frustrated, but don’t give up! If you get stuck, there are many users with similar hardware in the tonymacx86 Forum to provide support. Special thanks to everyone in the community, and our moderators for testing!
Troubleshooting and Optimizations:
After you’ve completed the guide, things such as HDMI audio and iMessage may not work automatically and universally. The list below should serve to fully optimize your system after initial setup.
Alternate NVIDIA Graphics Drivers NVIDIA releases alternate graphics drivers separately on the web for each OS X build. These are different from the drivers Apple ships as standard, and should be considered experimental. In the past, the drivers have been known to solve OpenCL issues with certain applications, as well as providing better native GPU power management for certain devices. They also will enable the latest ‘Maxwell’ cards to work with full acceleration- NVIDIA GeForce GTX 750, GTX 750 Ti, GTX 970, and GTX 980.
Download Windows Server 2012 R2 VHD and Run It on VirtualBox or VMware Workstation
the article is taken from the following link Source
Do you want to try Windows server 2012 R2 VHD on VirtualBox or VMware?, this guide is for you. Using pre installed virtual hard disks always ease our job by avoiding ISO download, installation and configuration. You can find out more information about download link of Windows 2012 R2 server VHD and how to attach it to VirtualBox or VMware in this guide.
R2 version has come up with several major changes. Hyper-V hypervisor has been improved well with few great features. They called that ‘Start Button is back’, but believe me, it’s not. The start menu/button icon is useless in this version.
Install Win Server 2012 by VirtualBox or VMware
Each aspect of server functions have been improved significantly in 2012 R2. You can find out them all inMicrosoft Site here.
If you want to know the included changes in Windows 2012 R2 Hyper-V hypervisor, refer this nice presentation here.
2) Extract the exe file you have downloaded. Since this is made for Hyper-v server to import directly, you will find more files and folders inside it.
We need the VHD file only which resides inside ‘Virtual Hard Disks’ folder.
How to Run Windows Server 2012 R2 VHD on VirtualBox.
3) You must have latest version of VirtualBox. VirtualBox supports Windows 8.1 (2012 R2) from 4.2.16 version only. Better upgrade to latest version, otherwise you might get an error message says ‘Your PC needs to restart’ in black screen.
4) Create a new virtual machine. Select Windows 2012(64bit) as client OS.
Instead of creating new hard disk, select existing virtual hard drive option. Browse the extracted VHD file which is located inside ‘Virtual Hard Disks’ folder.
5) There should not be any issue once you have started virtual machine.
Administrator password is R2Preview! , as of now. You could find more information here from Microsoft site.
Here is the working virtual machine on VirtualBox.
How to Use Windows Server 2012 R2 VHD in VMware Workstation.
6) VMware workstation or VM Player do not support VHD disk files for direct import. Therefore, VHD file needs to converted to VMDK format. There are few free tools available for this purpose in Windows OS platform.
WinImage is a tool (free for 30 days) can be used to convert VHD to VMDK in Windows 8 or 7. Also, StarWind’s V2V converter is available for free after registration.
From Disk menu select ‘Convert Virtual Hard Disk image’. Browse the VHD file you need to convert and select default option in next screen to make fixed size volume.
In the saving dialogue box, select VMDK file format from drop down and press save. This will start the conversion process of VHD to VMDK.
If you want to know more about how to use WinImage for this process, refer this guide.
7) Once the disk has been converted successfully, create a new virtual machine in VMware workstation.
Select ‘I will install OS later’ option because we are not going to install OS.
8.) Select Windows Server 2012 as guest OS.
9) Once the new VM is created successfully, follow below step to delete default vmdk file.
After deleting, let’s attach our Windows server 2012 R2 VMDK file which was converted from original VHD.
Press Add and select hard drive. Make sure to select existing disk option as shown below.
Browse and attach the converted 2012 R2 VMDK file.
10) You can modify other hardware settings ( such as RAM and processor cores) if you wish. Then power on the virtual machine.
I’m sure it will start smoothly. VMware tools for Windows 2012 R2 also works fine in VMware workstation 10. I could able to install and use few extra features such as full screen, unity mode and improved display performance.
By using this method, you can use same VMDK (which converted from original Windows server 2012 R2 VHD) on VMware ESXi or vSphere hypervisor hosts.
Share your experience about these steps to install and run Windows server 2012 R2 VHD on VirtualBox or VMware workstation.
خريج تقنية معلومات قسم الشبكات في كلية التقنية العليا بإمتياز مع مرتبة الشرف و موظف تقنية معلومات في مجال التعليم. حضرت عدة دورات لتحسين وتطوير المهارات اللازمة في مجال عملي وفي دراستي وغيرها من الدورات الشخصية لتطوير الذات.
من هواياتي تصميم المواقع الإلكترونية وادارتها و الدعم الفني.
